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What to know about low urine output

Low urine output is a symptom that people who are sick and have lost too many liquids commonly experience. It also occurs in people who have an obstruction in their urinary tract. However, the body may produce less urine for several different reasons, which will require different treatments. Oliguria is the medical term for low urine output. The book Common Surgical Diseases defines oliguria as a urine output of less than 13.5 fluid ounces (400 ml) of urine each day. Low urine output may be a sign of an underlying health issue in the body. Although low urine output sometimes has a simple explanation, anyone experiencing consistent low urine output should see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. One of the more common causes of low urine output is dehydration. Dehydration occurs when the body does not get enough liquid from the diet or is releasing liquid too fast for a person to replenish it. As a 2018 study paper notes, water represents approximately 60% of the body weight of those ...

Late stage breast cancer survival estimate is 'rarely accurate'

Specialists warn that single number average survival estimates for advanced stage breast cancer are unhelpful and usually inaccurate. Instead, they advise doctors to provide several case-specific survival estimates to help people plan with realism and hope. Share on Pinterest What is a more helpful approach when it comes to discussing survival rate estimates for late stage breast cancer? Breast cancer is the form of cancer that affects women the most often — about 2.1 million women worldwide receive a cancer diagnosis in one year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Breast cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer, but when it metastasizes in its later stages, removing tumors becomes more difficult, which can have a significant effect on the survival rate. Understandably, people with late stage breast cancer are interested in receiving survival rate estimates from their doctors so that they can make the most appropriate healthcare choices and plan accordingly. ...

What are the early signs of lung cancer?

Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer in adults in the United States. It is also the leading cause of death from cancer. Lung cancer treatment is much more effective when the disease is in its earlier stages. However, most people with lung cancer do not experience symptoms until the disease has spread. Some people experience subtle symptoms of early stage lung cancer, but these symptoms more often stem from other health issues or factors such as smoking. Below, we describe early symptoms of lung cancer, as well as risk factors and when to see a doctor. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), most types of lung cancer do not cause symptoms until they have spread to other areas. However, some people experience subtle symptoms during the earlier stages of the disease. The early lung cancer symptoms that we describe below usually result from some other cause. However, people who experience these symptoms should consider visiting their doctors as a precautionary measu...

What STDs can you get from oral sex?

Anyone who engages in oral sex with somebody who has a sexually transmitted disease can contract the disease themselves. Oral sex refers to when a person puts their mouth, tongue, or lips on the genitals or anus of another person. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that people can pass on through oral sex can infect multiple parts of the body, including the: mouth throat genitals rectum In this article, we take a look at STDs that people can spread through oral sex and their signs and symptoms. We also cover how people can transmit these STDs, along with their treatment options. Gonorrhea is an STD that Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria cause. Symptoms Gonorrhea does not always cause symptoms. If people do notice symptoms, they may include: a burning sensation when urinating a sore throat unusual discharge from the vagina, penis, or rectum swelling or pain in the testicles pain in the rectum Transmission People can get gonorrhea as a result of having oral sex with someone who has a gon...

This vitamin D mechanism helps combat melanoma

Scientists have uncovered a biological mechanism through which vitamin D can change the course of melanoma. They found that vitamin D influences a signaling pathway inside melanoma cells that helps them to thrive. The researchers suggest that reducing the activity of the pathway could be a way to help the immune system fight this most dangerous of skin cancers. While scientists have observed that people with melanoma fare less well if they have low levels of vitamin D, they have not known the reason. The new Cancer Research study provides a molecular explanation. "This new puzzle piece will help us better understand how melanoma grows and spreads, and hopefully find new targets to control it," says Julia Newton-Bishop, a professor of dermatology at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom. "But what's really intriguing," she adds, "is that we can now see how vitamin D might help the immune system fight cancer." Melanoma starts in melanocytes Canc...

Processed meat and cancer link depends on nitrite content

In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified processed meats as Group 1 carcinogens, citing sufficient evidence that they cause cancer in humans. Now, a new review challenges this blanket classification, having found that the strength of the evidence varies according to whether the meat contains nitrites. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an arm of the WHO, define processed meat as that which has undergone curing, salting, smoking, fermentation, or some other method of preserving and enhancing flavor. Examples include frankfurters, bacon, ham, sausages, corned beef, beef jerky, and canned meat. Some food producers use sodium nitrite to cure processed meat, to enhance color, or as a preservative to increase shelf life. However, not all processed meats contain nitrites. British and Irish sausages, for instance, are free of nitrites, whereas frankfurters, chorizo, and pepperoni from the United States and continental Europe are not. Also, in recent years, m...

What to know about bumps on the cervix

In most cases, bumps on the cervix are benign, or noncancerous, growths, such as polyps or cysts. In some cases, however, they may indicate the presence of cervical cancer. A doctor might discover a bump on the cervix during a routine pelvic examination or a Pap smear test. This article provides an overview of what a bump on the cervix might mean. We also cover the symptoms, causes, treatments, and risk factors, as well as guidance on when to see a doctor. The cervix is the tissue that connects the uterus, or womb, with the vagina. The cervix has two distinct parts lined in two different types of cell: glandular cells, which line the area of the cervix closest to the uterus squamous cells, which line the part of the cervix closest to the vagina The glandular and squamous cells meet to form an area called the transformation zone. This area undergoes many changes during a woman's lifetime, especially during pregnancy and childbirth. Cells in the transformation zone continuously chang...

Breast cancer: An innovative blood test could aid early detection

Researchers are developing a blood test that could help detect breast cancer 5 years before any symptoms become apparent. This method would also be less uncomfortable and more cost effective than traditional mammograms. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women all around the globe. That said, most types of breast cancer are very treatable, and survival rates are high for those whose cancer doctors detect early and treat immediately. However, breast cancer does not always produce obvious symptoms at an early stage, which can lead to late detection and affect the effectiveness of treatment. Recently, researchers from the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom hypothesized that a blood test that screens for the presence of certain antibodies could help detect breast cancer early and easily. They explain that when cancer is present, it produces antigens. These are substances that induce an immune response. The immune...

Could hot chili peppers reduce mortality risk?

According to a recent study, people who regularly consume chili peppers have a reduced mortality risk compared with those who never eat chilis. Chili peppers are now a global phenomenon. From Cambodia to California, and from Birmingham, Alabama to Birmingham, United Kingdom, spicy food is ubiquitous. Throughout history, cultures have associated various health benefits with eating chili peppers. However, as one of the authors of the recent study, Prof. Licia Iacoviello, explains, many of these beneficial properties have been ascribed "mostly on the basis of anecdotes or traditions, if not magic." In more recent times, scientists have focused on capsaicin, the compound that gives chili their unmistakable punch. According to the authors of the latest study, capsaicin "has been observed to favorably improve cardiovascular function and metabolic regulation in experimental and population studies." Other researchers have concluded that capsaicin might be useful in the figh...

Everything you need to know about Pap smears

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells in the lower part of the uterus. This region is called the cervix. The cervix is small and narrow, and it connects the uterus to the vagina. It provides an entry for sperm to pass into the uterus. The cervix also provides an exit from the uterus for monthly menstrual blood flow or a baby during delivery. There are two parts to the cervix, and two different types of cells occur there: Endocervix : This is the innermost part of the cervix. It lines the "tunnel" leading from the uterus into the vagina. It contains tall, column-like cells that are responsible for mucus secretion. Ectocervix : This is the outer portion of the cervix, and it protrudes into the vagina. The ectocervix is home to squamous cells, which resemble fish scales under the microscope. Where these two cell types meet is where most cervical cancers and precancerous cells form. Share on Pinterest Guidelines recommend regular Pap smears, but a doctor ...

Cancer: Common antibiotic may boost immune system

New research in mice finds that taking the antibiotic vancomycin before undergoing radiation therapy alters gram-positive bacteria in the gut, thus boosting the immune system and enhancing the antitumor effect of the treatment. Globally, cancer continues to be the second leading cause of death, with around 9.6 million deaths registered in 2018. Lung cancer and breast cancer are the most common forms of cancer, and lung cancer and colon cancer cause the highest number of deaths. Radiation therapy is one of the most common forms of therapy in the fight against cancer. In fact, around 50% of people undergo radiation therapy at some point during their treatment. Usually, health professionals adminster radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy. Some researchers have discovered that while treating brain tumors, administering radiation therapy in higher doses but less frequently can be a more effective way of boosting the immune system in the fight against cancer. Furthermore, this w...

What causes breast itchiness without a rash?

Itchy breasts are a common occurrence, but if there is no rash, the cause may be difficult to pinpoint. Various conditions, including yeast infections, eczema, and psoriasis, often cause itching, but they also produce a rash. There are several reasons why the breasts may feel itchy without an accompanying rash, however. Although most causes are benign, people should pay attention to their symptoms, as breast itchiness can also be an early sign of a rare form of inflammatory breast cancer. In this article, we provide more information on the possible causes of itchy breasts with no rash. Dry skin on the breasts can cause itchiness and irritation. The skin typically appears flaky or scaly when it is dry. Some people have naturally dry skin, but other possible causes include: the use of harsh skin care products sun exposure sweating Using moisturizers and sunscreen may help prevent dry skin. Keeping creams in the fridge and applying them to the breasts can help cool the skin and ease itchi...

What to know about non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a name for a group of cancers that start in certain types of white blood cell. According to the American Cancer Society, non-Hodgkin lymphoma is among the most common forms of cancer in the United States, making up around 4% of all cancer cases in the country. It can develop at any age and is common in children and young adults. The risk, however, increases as a person ages, and more than half of those with the disease are 65 or older when they receive the diagnosis. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in males — about 1 in 42 develop it, while the disease occurs in about 1 in 54 females. This article explains what non-Hodgkin lymphoma is and outlines the types, symptoms, and treatment options. It also looks at the latest statistics regarding prognosis and outlook. Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin are the two main types of lymphoma. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in white blood cells called lymphocytes. These cells are a part of the lymphatic system, which is part o...